Calidad de vida en pacientes con tumor vesical no músculo-invasivo sometidos a tratamiento adyuvante intravesical / Quality of life in patients with non-muscle invasive bladder tumor undergoing adjuvant intravesical treatment

Introducción El objetivo del estudio fue establecer posible relación entre los tratamientos con mitomicina-C (MMC) y bacilo de Calmette-Guérin (BCG) y la afectación en la calidad de vida. Material y métodos Estudio cuasiexperimental, prospectivo y longitudinal, recogiendo pacientes sometidos a tratamiento adyuvante en TVNMI. Se utilizaron los cuestionarios Short form-12 (SF-12) y Urogenital Distress Inventory-6 (UDI-6) para medir la calidad de vida. Se compararon las puntuaciones de los cuestionarios entre casos con MMC y BCG antes de iniciar la inducción (M1), a las 4 semanas (M2) y a los dos meses (M3). Resultados Se recogieron 90 pacientes, 54 en el grupo de BCG y 36 en el de MMC. Se comprobó que los pacientes con BCG percibían peor calidad de vida física comparados con los de MMC en M2 (OR:2,59, p=0,046). Además, se hallaron cambios significativos en la calidad de vida urinaria de los pacientes en tratamiento con MMC entre los diferentes momentos temporales (puntuación del UDI-6: 33,33 en M1, 27,78 en M2 y 16,67 en M3, p=0,001). Conclusiones No existen diferencias en la calidad de vida urinaria entre los pacientes tratados con MMC y BCG. Los pacientes con MMC muestran una recuperación significativa de la calidad de vida urinaria a partir de la finalización de la inducción, que aumenta aún más a los dos meses de la misma. Además, los pacientes tratados con BCG presentan peor calidad de vida física a las 4 semanas de tratamiento que aquellos tratados con MMC (AU)

Introduction The objective of the study was to establish a possible relationship between mitomycin-C (MMC) and bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) treatments and quality of life impairment. Material and methods Quasi-experimental, prospective, and longitudinal study including patients undergoing adjuvant treatment in NMIBC. The Short form-12 (SF-12) and Urogenital Distress Inventory-6 (UDI-6) questionnaires were used to measure quality of life. Questionnaire scores were compared between cases with MMC and BCG before induction (M1), at 4 weeks (M2) and at 2 months (M3). Results Of the 90 patients enrolled, 54 were in the BCG group and 36 in the MMC group. It was found that BCG patients had worse perceived physical quality of life compared to MMC patients in M2 (OR:2.59, p=0.046). In addition, significant changes were found in the urinary quality of life of patients on MMC treatment between the different time points (UDI-6 score: 33.33 in M1, 27.78 in M2 and 16.67 in M3, p=0.001). Conclusions There are no differences in urinary quality of life between patients treated with MMC and BCG. Patients with MMC show a significant recovery of urinary quality of life from the completion of the induction course, which becomes even more significant after 2 months. In addition, BCG-treated patients have worse physical quality of life after 4 weeks of treatment than those treated with MMC (AU)

Quality of life in patients with non-muscle invasive bladder tumor undergoing adjuvant intravesical treatment.

INTRODUCTION: The objective of the study was to establish a possible relationship between mitomycin-C (MMC) and bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) treatments and quality of life impairment. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Quasi-experimental, prospective, and longitudinal study including patients undergoing adjuvant treatment in NMIBC. The Short form-12 (SF-12) and Urogenital Distress Inventory-6 (UDI-6) questionnaires were used to measure quality of life. Questionnaire scores were compared between cases with MMC and BCG before induction (M1), at 4 weeks (M2) and at 2 months (M3). RESULTS: Of the 90 patients enrolled, 54 were in the BCG group and 36 in the MMC group. It was found that BCG patients had worse perceived physical quality of life compared to MMC patients in M2 (OR:2.59, p=0.046). In addition, significant changes were found in the urinary quality of life of patients on MMC treatment between the different time points (UDI-6 score: 33.33 in M1, 27.78 in M2 and 16.67 in M3, p=0.001). CONCLUSIONS: There are no differences in urinary quality of life between patients treated with MMC and BCG. Patients with MMC show a significant recovery of urinary quality of life from the completion of the induction course, which becomes even more significant after 2 months. In addition, BCG-treated patients have worse physical quality of life after 4 weeks of treatment than those treated with MMC.

Early Ultrasound after Endoscopic Puncture of Ureterocele: Signs that Show Surgical Treatment Success

Introduction: We show the ability of early ultrasound after surgery to show the success of endoscopic puncture of the ureterocele. Method: Description of the clinical cases, therapeutic management and description of the ultrasound findings. Results: We present two infants aged 1 and 4 months who underwent endoscopic puncture of ectopic ureteroceles during a period of 3 months at our institution. The first case was operated urgently for urinary sepsis, while the second was punctured to preserve renal function. In both cases, ultrasound was performed two hours after surgery, and the ultrasound findings were recorded. In both patients, the ureterocele was considered resolved one year after the puncture. Conclusions: Findings such as puncture notch, flap-like collapse of the walls, decrease in ureterohydronephrosis, or disappearance of debris in the upper tract, are ultrasound signs that are visualized in the immediate postoperative period of endoscopic puncture of the ureterocele. Thus, early ultrasound is useful for early monitoring of endoscopic treatment of ureterocele (AU)

Introducción: Mostramos la capacidad de laecografía precoz tras cirugía para mostrar el éxito de lapunción endoscópica del ureterocele.Método: Descripción de los casos clínicos, manejoterapéutico y descripción de los hallazgos ecográficos.Resultados: Presentamos dos lactantes de 1 y 4 mesesintervenidas de punción endoscópica de ureteroceles ectópicos durante un periodo de 3 meses en nuestra institución. El primer caso se intervino urgente por una sepsis urinaria, mientras que el segundo se puncionó para preservarla función renal. En los dos casos, se realizó ecografía doshoras después de la cirugía, siendo registrados los hallazgos ecográficos. En ambas pacientes se consideró resueltoel ureterocele al año de la punción.Conclusiones: Hallazgos como la muesca de punción, el colapso a modo de colgajo de las paredes, la disminución de la ureterohidronefrosis, o la desaparición deldetritus en vía superior, son signos ecográficos que se visualizan ya en el postoperatorio inmediato de la punciónendoscópica del ureterocele. Así pues, la ecografía precozes útil en la monitorización temprana del tratamiento endoscópico del ureterocele. (AU)

Genetic profile and immunohistochemical study of clear cell renal carcinoma: Pathological-anatomical correlation and prognosis.

INTRODUCTION: Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) accounts for 2-3% of all tumors being the most frequent solid lesion in the kidney. OBJECTIVE: To determine what genetic alterations and immunohistochemical (IHC) of clear cell renal carcinoma (ccRCC) are associated with prognosis and tumor aggressiveness. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Experimental analytical study with 57 patients who underwent radical and partial nephrectomy between 2005 and 2011, all with diagnosis of ccRCC and minimum post-operative follow-up of 36 months. The pathological study included IHC determination of biomarkers associated (CAIX, CAM 5.2, CD10, c-erbB-2, EGFR, HIF-1a, Ki67, MDM2, PAX-2 y 8, p53, survivin and VEGFR 1 and 2). Genetic analysis was carried out using multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification (MLPA). Clinical data were collected and summarized using an access-type database, adding genetic analysis and IHC data of each patient's tumor sample. IHC statistical analysis included Chi-square, Kruskal-Wallis and multivariate analysis. The genetic analysis was performed using multivariate logistic regression (normal/deletion-duplication). Significance level p<0.05. RESULTS: Pathologic stage was: pT1 (61.8%), pT2 (32.7%); pT3-T4 (5.4%); 16.3% were pN+ and 19.3% M1. 23.6% recurred being predominantly to distance in 83.3%. 27.3% of patients died (73.3% ccCCR). CAIX (Carbonic anhydrase IX) and tumor size were associated with worse Fuhrman grade (p = 0.035; p = 0.001 respectively). Deletion-duplication of genes increased the likelihood: of death (APC, Bcl-2 and CDKN2A by 11, 7 and 4 respectively and SMAD4 reduced the probability by 88%); tumor recurrence (CDKN2A by fifteen fold and VHL reduced the probability by 87%); pT greater than 2 (CCND2, MDM2 and WT1 multiplied by 6, 7 and 9); risk of N+ (CDK4 and EBF1 by 13); distant metastases (BRCA2 and DLEU1 by 5); Fuhrman grade ≥3 (BRCA1, BRCA2 and p53 by 40, 75 and 34 respectively, while that FHIT reduced by 96%). Deletion-duplication of CDK4 and DCC increased survival by a factor of 13 and 16, while that DLEU1 and RUNX1 decreased survival time by 80%. CONCLUSION: CAIX and tumor size are associated with increased aggressiveness. The mutations to level 5q, 9p, 11p, 12, 13q, 17, 18q and 21q are associated with more aggressive tumors and with worse survival rate.

Factors related to early castration resistance in metastatic prostate cancer. Results from the National Prostate Cancer Registry in Spain. / Factores relacionados con la resistencia a la castración precoz en el cáncer de próstata metastásico. Resultados del Registro nacional de cáncer de próstata en España.

INTRODUCTION: The objective of the study was to determine the factors independently related with the development of castration resistance (CR) in prostate cancer (PC) in the medium term. MATERIAL AND METHODS: 155 patients diagnosed with metastatic PC with a follow-up of up to 39 months. Data taken from the National PC Registry. The evaluated variables were age, PSA, nadir PSA, Gleason, perineural invasion, TNM stages, and ADT type (intermittent/continuous). RESULTS: Mean follow-up 26,2±13,4 months. 47.1% developed early CR, with mean time until onset of 12,2±8,7 months. Univariate analysis the mean PSA was correlated with CR (290±905,1 ng/mL in non CR, 519,1±1437,2 ng/mL in CR, P<.001), mean age (73,3±8,3 years in non CR, 69,1±9,3 in CR P=.01), mean PSA nadir (15,5±57,3ng/mL in non CR, 15,9±23,7 ng/mL in CR, p<0,001), Gleason (in ≥8, HR:2,11. 95% CI: 1.22-3.65, p=0.006), and T stage (in T3-T4, HR: 2.85. 95% CI: 1.57-5.19, P<.001). Multivariate analysis the independent variables associated to CR are age (HR: 0.96. 95% CI: 0.94-0.99, P=.01), PSA nadir (HR: 1.65. 95% CI: 1,43-1,91, P<.001), and T3-T4 stage (HR: 2.11. 95% CI: 1.10-4.04, P=.02). CONCLUSIONS: PSA nadir and T3-T4 tumor stage at diagnosis are associated to an increased risk of developing CR. In addition, age at diagnosis is shown as a variable that decreases risk. Therefore, an older age would be associated with lower risk probability of CR in the medium term.

hTERT mRNA expression in urine as a useful diagnostic tool in bladder cancer. Comparison with cytology and NMP22 BladderCheck Test®. / Expresión de ARNm de hTERT en orina como herramienta diagnóstica útil en cáncer de vejiga. Comparación con citología y NMP22 BladderCheck Test®.

INTRODUCTION: To study the relationship between quantitative mRNA determination (hTERT) in patients with bladder tumor, history of bladder tumor, and in subjects without a history of this neoplasia. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A prospective randomized controlled study with 91 subjects included. The value of mRNA-hTERTN was determined in 63 patients with a history or suspicion of bladder tumor and in 28 controls. Urine samples were sent for evaluation of the mRNA level (hTERT), the cytological study and the NMP22 result. RESULTS: Differences were observed in mean hTERTN levels in each of the groups: tumor presence 21.33+/- 40.66, tumor history 2.16+/- 2.67, controls 0.9+/- 1, 75 (p<0.001). In patients with tumor, there was no difference in mean hTERTN levels between the different grades and stages, although there was a tendency: low grade tumor 9.04+/- 16.95, high grade 28.95+/- 48.36 (p=.069), stage Ta 10.33+/- 19.39, T1 17.88+/- 27.14, T2 54.8+/- 74.05 (p=.056). In addition, the sensitivity of hTERTN was superior to that of other test (76%), although specificity and positive and negative predictive values were better for cytology (94%, 88.4% and 72.3% respectively) and NMP22 (88%, 80.6% and 73.3% respectively). CONCLUSIONS: hTERTN mRNA levels in urine were higher in patients with bladder tumors compared to patients with a history of bladder tumor and with negative cystoscopy, as well as in the control group. This determination showed a higher diagnostic yield compared with the detection of NMP22 and urinary cytology.

[Use of prostatic specific antigen in primary care (PSA)]. / Uso del antígeno prostático específico en atención primaria (PSA).

INTRODUCTION: In the literature it is shown that the use of PSA is occasionally wrong, by requesting this marker in very young or very old men, and repeated measurements in short periods of time. The main objective of this study was to describe the use of PSA in daily practice by primary care physicians in our area, dealing with aspects such as the importance of patient age, the value in the screening for prostate cancer, or the subjective beliefs about its usefulness. A secondary objective was the comparison of use, and beliefs among doctors who claim to know PSA well, and those who do not. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A descriptive and comparative study was conducted using questionnaires that were handed to primary care doctors in all health centres in our area. A descriptive analysis was performed and response rates among doctors who thought they had enough information about PSA, and those who did not, were compared using the Chi-squared test. RESULTS: A total of 103 questionnaires were received from the physicians, with 83.5% claiming to have sufficient knowledge about the PSA. The professionals in this latter group request PSA at an earlier age (P=.029), with a higher frequency (P=.011) and have more doubts about its usefulness (P=.009) than those with less knowledge. Almost half (49.5%) said they request less than 50 determinations per year, and 33% between 50 and 100. More than half (53.4%) of doctors would not request the first PSA on a patient until their 50s, and up to 49% request it up to 80 years. The true value of PSA has been established many times by 64.1% of requesters, and 29.1% believe it is unhelpful in the diagnosis of cancer. CONCLUSIONS: In our study, 64% of primary care physicians have considered the true value of the PSA several times, and 29% believe it to be of little use in the diagnosis of prostate cancer. In addition, some data suggest it has limited use due to the fact that 50% made less than 50 PSA requests per years, and 28% of the professionals would never request it on a male without urinary symptoms. In this study, it has been observed that those professionals who claim not to have enough information about the PSA make more requests in patients of an older age, and consider that it is of limited use as a marker.

Satisfaction and treatment adherence in erectile dysfunction in the medium and long term. / Satisfacción y adherencia al tratamiento en disfunción eréctil a medio y largo plazo.

INTRODUCTION: The aim of this study was to show the satisfaction and treatment adherence in erectile dysfunction (ED) in the medium and long term. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A descriptive, comparative study was conducted in 2 centres through telephone interviews with patients who came for an initial visit between 2012 and 2014 for ED. A complete case history review was conducted on the use of and withdrawal from treatment. For current use, the Erectile Dysfunction Inventory of Treatment Satisfaction (EDITS) and the Global Assessment Questionnaire (GAQ) were filled out; for past use, only the GAQ was filled out. For the statistical analysis, we employed Fisher's exact test for comparisons of percentages and the Kruskal-Wallis test to compare means. RESULTS: The study included 250 patients; 20.8% were prescribed intraurethral alprostadil (ALP-IU), 17.2% were prescribed intracavernous alprostadil (ALP-IC), 92.8% were prescribed a first IPD5, and 24.8% were prescribed at least a second IPD5. The treatment withdrawal rate was 62.07% for the first IPD5, 41.94% for the last IPD5, 69.23% for the ALP-IU and 65.11% for the ALP-IC (P=.007). The main reason for withdrawal for the IPD5 was a lack of response (32.76% of those who took IPD5). In addition to withdrawal, there were adverse reactions for ALP-IU and ALP-IC (28.85% and 11.63%, respectively). The mean duration of use until withdrawal was 4.3 months for IPD5, 2.2 months for ALP-IU and 5.5 months for ALP-IC (P=.064). The most favourable GAQ and EDITS scores were observed for IPD5 (EDITS score of 74). Sildenafil and tadalafil had the longest usage times (mean >5 months). CONCLUSIONS: The withdrawal rate for treating ED is high, with short usage times of a few months. A lack of response and adverse reactions were the main causes for withdrawal. The drugs that provide greater satisfaction are the IPD5, although there are no significant differences in the mean usage time between the different types and in aspects such as the mean usage time to withdrawal or the withdrawal rates.

Testosterone/estradiol ratio, is it useful in the diagnosis of erectile dysfunction and low sexual desire?

Erectile dysfunction and low sexual desire are multifactorial diseases. The decrease in testosterone levels is one of the causes, but the effect of estradiol is not well known. Moreover, study has shown that the testosterone/estradiol ratio has more influence over sexuality than does estradiol alone. The aim of the study was to determine whether the balance between testosterone and estradiol has any relation to some aspects of sexual function. It was an ambispective study of 230 patients with urological problems unrelated to sexuality. They underwent a detailed history and hormone study including total, free, bioavailable testosterone and estradiol. They completed the Sexual Health Inventory for Men and questions 11 and 12 of the IIEF15 were used to assess impairment in sexual desire. The T/E ratio was calculated, and the relationship between the different parameters and erectile function and sexual desire were studied by univariate and multivariate analysis. The mean age was 66.32 ± 8.17 years. The percentage of patients with erectile dysfunction was 60.9% (7% severe, 14.3% moderate, 12.6% mild to moderate and 27% mild) and decreased sexual desire was 46.5%. Age, free and biodisponible testosteron were the only variables with a positive linear association with erectile dysfunction and decreased sexual desire. Age was the only independent variable for both, erectile dysfunction and sexual desire, in the multiple linear regression. There was no association between a testosterone/estradiol imbalance and an alteration in erectile function and sexual desire. Consequently, in the clinical study of these patients, it is not necessary to request estradiol in the laboratory analyses.

Influence of demographic and tumour variables on prostate cancer treatment with curative intent in Spain. Results of the 2010 national prostate cancer registry. / Influencia de las variables demográficas y tumorales en el tratamiento del cáncer de próstata con fines curativos en España. Resultados del Registro nacional de cáncer de próstata 2010.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study is to determine which cancer and demographic criteria influence the indication for surgery (radical prostatectomy) or radiation therapy (external or brachytherapy) in the treatment of prostate cancer. MATERIAL AND METHODS: An analysis of the 2714 patients of the 2010 National Prostate Cancer Registry treated with curative intent. The analysed variables were age, prostate-specific antigen (PSA), prostate volume, the number of biopsy cores, the percentage of positive cores, the stage, Gleason score, the type of pathologist, the presence of perineural invasion and the study centre. We analysed the association among these variables and the type of treatment (surgery vs. radiation therapy/brachytherapy), using a univariate analysis (Student's t test and chi-squared) and a binary multiple logistic regression. RESULTS: The 48.12% of the patients (1306/2714) were treated with surgery, and 51.88% (1,408/2,714) underwent radiation therapy/brachytherapy. Differences were observed between the patients treated with prostatectomy and those treated with radiation therapy/brachytherapy (p<.05) in age (63.50±6.5 vs. 69.0±6.7), PSA (8.76±16.97 vs. 13.21±15.88), biopsied cores, percentage of positives cores (30.0±22 vs. 38.7±29), Gleason score (G6: 53.9% vs. 46.1%; G7: 45% vs. 55% G8-10: 26.6%, 73.4%), stage (localised: 50% vs. 50%; locally advanced: 14.6% vs. 85.4%), perineural invasion and hospital centre. In the multivariate analysis, the selected independent variables were age, PSA, percentage of positives cores, stage, Gleason score and hospital centre. CONCLUSION: According to our study, age, tumour aggressiveness and stage and the centre where the patient will be treated affect the selection of curative treatment for prostate cancer.

Use of individual containers for prostate biopsy samples: Do we gain diagnostic performance? / Uso de contenedores individuales para las muestras obtenidas en biopsia prostática: ¿ganamos en rendimiento diagnóstico?

OBJECTIVE: Prostate cores from transrectal biopsies are usually sent in separate vials for pathological processing. Although this is a common practice, there are controversial studies on its usefulness. We wanted to compare the rate of prostate cancer diagnosis between processing samples in 2 containers and processing them in individual containers to see if there are differences. Our secondary objective was to check the rate of diagnosis of various tumour subtypes in each of the 2 groups. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A retrospective observational study was conducted of 2,601 cases of prostate biopsies. Ten cores were extracted in each biopsy. We divided the sample into 2 groups: biopsies sent in 2 containers to the department of pathology (left and right lobes) or sent in 10 (one for each cylinder), according to the different criteria used in our centre in the past. We then classified the cases according to the absence of neoplasia, insignificant tumour (involvement of just 1 cylinder, <5%, Gleason score<7), Gleason 6 or Gleason≥7. A bivariate statistical analysis was performed using the chi-squared test. RESULTS: A total of 1,777 participants were included in the 2-container group, and 824 were included in the 10-container group. We diagnosed a rate of 32.4% of cancers in the 2-container group and 40% in the 10-container group, a difference that was statistically significant (P<.001). The insignificant carcinomas were diagnosed more often in the 2-container group than in the 10-container group (6.4% vs. 4.3%, respectively; P=.03). Samples with a Gleason score of 6 were diagnosed more often in the 10-container group than in the 2-container group (11.9% vs. 8.1%, respectively; P=.002). The same occurred with the Gleason score≥7 (23.8% in the 10-container group vs. 17.9% in the 2-container group; P<.001). CONCLUSIONS: We diagnosed more prostate cancers when sending biopsied cores in individual containers. Once the procedure was conducted, we also observed in our series a reduction in the diagnoses of insignificant carcinoma to the detriment of an increased diagnosis of not insignificant carcinomas.

When to biopsy seminal vesicles.

OBJECTIVES: The involvement of seminal vesicles in prostate cancer can affect the prognosis and determine the treatment. The objective of this study was to determine whether we could predict its infiltration at the time of the prostate biopsy to know when to indicate the biopsy of the seminal vesicles. MATERIAL AND METHODS: observational retrospective study of 466 patients who underwent seminal vesicle biopsy. The indication for this biopsy was a prostate-specific antigen (PSA) level greater than 10 ng/ml or an asymmetric or obliterated prostatoseminal angle. The following variables were included in the analysis: PSA level, PSA density, prostate volume, number of cores biopsied, suspicious rectal examination, and preservation of the prostatoseminal angle, studying its relationship with the involvement of the seminal vesicles. RESULTS: Forty-one patients (8.8%) had infiltrated seminal vesicles and 425 (91.2%) had no involvement. In the univariate analysis, the cases with infiltration had a higher mean PSA level (P < .01) and PSA density (P < .01), as well as a lower mean prostate volume (P < .01). A suspicious rectal examination (20.7% of the infiltrated vesicles) and the obliteration or asymmetry of the prostatoseminal angle (33.3% of the infiltrated vesicles) were significantly related to the involvement (P < .01). In the multivariate analysis, we concluded that the probability of having infiltrated seminal vesicles is 5.19 times higher if the prostatoseminal angle is not preserved (P < .01), 4.65 times higher for PSA levels >19.60 ng/dL (P < .01) and 2.95 times higher if there is a suspicious rectal examination (P = .014). Furthermore, this probability increases by 1.04 times for each unit of prostate volume lower (P < .01). The ROC curves showed maximum sensitivity and specificity at 19.6 ng/mL for PSA and 0.39 for PSA density. CONCLUSIONS: In this series, greater involvement of seminal vesicles was associated with a PSA level ≥20 ng/ml, a suspicious rectal examination and a lack of prostatoseminal angle preservation.

Prevalencia de comorbilidades en pacientes con disfunción eréctil / Prevalence of Co-Morbidities in Patients With Erectile Dysfunction

Introducción: La disfunción eréctil (DE) es un proceso multifactorial que requiere un abordaje integral. Se trata además de un síntoma centinela de disfunción endotelial que abre una puerta hacia la salud global del hombre. Objetivos: Analizar la prevalencia de factores de riesgo cardiovascular y de otros trastornos en pacientes con DE. Se analizaron además la relación entre la gravedad de la DE y el nivel de testosterona sérica total y la actitud terapéutica de los médicos. Material y métodos: Estudio observacional, multicéntrico y nacional en pacientes con DE mayores de 18 años que acudían a consultas de uro-andrología o de Atención Primaria. Se recogieron las características sociodemográficas, antropométricas, de hábitos y estilo de vida, la historia clínica de los pacientes y la actitud terapéutica del médico. Se diagnosticó la DE y se valoró la testosterona total cuando fue necesario. Resultados: Participaron 1.340 pacientes de 22-81 años. La edad fue el factor para padecer DE más prevalente. La obesidad abdominal, la diabetes y el hábito tabáquico mostraron una alta prevalencia. La mitad de los pacientes presentó trastornos psicológicos y/o sexuales. Se encontraron niveles subóptimos de testosterona total en el 33 y el 13,5% de los pacientes (puntos de corte de 12 nmol/l y 8 nmol respectivamente), con una relación directa con la gravedad de la DE. Conclusión: Nuestro estudio corrobora la necesidad de analizar factores de riesgo cardiovascular en pacientes con DE y de identificar pacientes que podrían beneficiarse del tratamiento sustitutivo con testosterona. Los trastornos psicológicos han de recibir atención especializada (AU)

Introduction: Erectile dysfunction (ED) is a multifactorial process which requires an integral approach. It is also a sentinel symptom of endothelial dysfunction that opens a door to the overall health of a man. Objectives: To analyze the prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors and other disorders in patients with ED. The relationship between the severity of ED and the total serum testosterone level and the therapeutic approach of doctors were also analyzed. Material and methods: An observational, multicenter, national study in patients > 18 years who came to uroandrology or primary care consultations. Sociodemographic, anthropometric, lifestyle habits and medical history data of patients and the physician's therapeutic approach, were all collected. ED was diagnosed and total testosterone was assessed when necessary. Results: 1340 patients aged from 22-81 years took part in the study. Age was the most prevalent factor to develop the condition. Abdominal obesity, diabetes, and smoking had a high prevalence. Half of the patients presented psychological and/or sexual problems. 33% and 13.5% of patients had suboptimal levels of total testosterone (cut-off point of 12 nmol/l and 8 nmol/l, respectively), with a direct relationship with disease severity. Conclusion: Our study supports the need to examine cardiovascular risk factors in patients with ED and to identify patients who might benefit from testosterone replacement therapy. Psychological disorders should receive specialized care (AU)

[Clinical characterization of prostate cancer potentially insignificant in the prostate biopsy]. / Caracterización clínica del cáncer de próstata potencialmente insignificante en la biopsia prostática.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to identify the rate of clinical significant disease (Gleason score>6 or tumor volume>0.5 cc in the RP specimen) among patients who had an insignificant prostate cancer on biopsy, evaluating the presence of prognostic factors. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Patients who fulfilled the following criteria were included: PSA ≤ 10ng/ml, T1c disease, biopsy Gleason Score ≤ 6 affecting <5% of only 1 core and who had undergone a radical prostatectomy. The following variables were studied: Age, PSA, dPSA, free/total PSA ratio and prostatic volume assessed by transrectal ultrasound. RESULTS: In a series of 2424 biopsies, 77 patients completely fulfilled the inclusion criteria, with 66.23% (n=51) of clinical significant disease in the prostatectomy specimen. No differences were observed between these patients and those with insignificant disease in age, PSA, free/total PSA ratio. However, prostatic volume was significantly greater and PSA density significantly lower in those patients with an insignificant disease. Statistical analysis using a logistical regression showed that dPSA was the only prognostic factor (OR: 25067.10, CI 95%: 26.79-2.34×10(7), P=.004). CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggest that a high rate of patients who have a suspected insignificant prostate cancer on biopsy have a clinical significant disease, being dPSA the only independent prognostic factor.

[Prevalence of co-morbidities in patients with erectile dysfunction]. / Prevalencia de comorbilidades en pacientes con disfunción eréctil.

INTRODUCTION: Erectile dysfunction (ED) is a multifactorial process which requires an integral approach. It is also a sentinel symptom of endothelial dysfunction that opens a door to the overall health of a man. OBJECTIVES: To analyze the prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors and other disorders in patients with ED. The relationship between the severity of ED and the total serum testosterone level and the therapeutic approach of doctors were also analyzed. MATERIAL AND METHODS: An observational, multicenter, national study in patients > 18 years who came to uroandrology or primary care consultations. Sociodemographic, anthropometric, lifestyle habits and medical history data of patients and the physician's therapeutic approach, were all collected. ED was diagnosed and total testosterone was assessed when necessary. RESULTS: 1340 patients aged from 22-81 years took part in the study. Age was the most prevalent factor to develop the condition. Abdominal obesity, diabetes, and smoking had a high prevalence. Half of the patients presented psychological and/or sexual problems. 33% and 13.5% of patients had suboptimal levels of total testosterone (cut-off point of 12 nmol/l and 8 nmol/l, respectively), with a direct relationship with disease severity. CONCLUSION: Our study supports the need to examine cardiovascular risk factors in patients with ED and to identify patients who might benefit from testosterone replacement therapy. Psychological disorders should receive specialized care.

[Relationships between sex hormone levels in men over 50 years of age and body composition, bone quality, and quality of life]. / Relación entre los niveles de hormonas sexuales en varones por encima de los 50 años y composición corporal, calidad ósea y calidad de vida.

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether there was a relationship between sex hormone levels and body composition, bone health, and health-related quality of life in men over 50 years of age. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Transversal study carried out in 230 Spanish male outpatients. Body composition was studied using direct anthropometric measures: height, weight, waistline circumference, dominant arm circumference, tricipital skinfold, dominant arm skinfold, subscapular skinfold. Calculated anthropometric parameters were obtained. Quantitative ultrasound measurements of the calcaneus were performed and bone turnover markers were determined (N-telopeptides urinary excretion and calcium/creatinine urinary rate). Quality of life was studied using the short form 36 questionnaire (SF-36). Blood tests included total testosterone, sex hormone binding-globulin, calculated free testosterone (cFT), dehydroepiandrosterone sulphate (DHEA-S), androstenedione, 17-ß-estradiol and gonadotrophins. RESULTS: cFT was associated with increased muscle and to decreased in fat content, even after adjusting for age (p<0.05). Bone density was only related to estradiol and its bioavailable fraction (p<0.05). DHEA-S and cFT were related (p<0.05) to some SF-36 subscales. CONCLUSIONS: cFT level is most associated with body changes that accompany aging. Androgen levels are not related to bone density. Decline in cFT and DHEA-s levels might be related to decreased quality of life.

[Risk factors in the failure of surgical repair of pelvic organ prolapse]. / Factores de riesgo en el fracaso de la reparación quirúrgica del prolapso de suelo pelviano.

INTRODUCTION: Pelvic organ prolapse (POP) surgery has variable results of recurrence and complications. We have aimed to analyze our outcomes in order to know the factors associated with anatomical and functional failure in POP surgery. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A retrospective study of 69 patients who underwent POP surgery at our hospital was performed. Registered variables were: Age, BMI, number of deliveries, previous pelvic surgery, menopause, quality of life, urinary incontinence, associated frequency-urgency symptoms, high POP stage, vaginal compartments repaired, type of mesh, urethro-suspension and vaginal hysterectomy during POP surgery and its complications. Patients were evaluated at 1, 6 and 12 months post-surgery. The technique was considered as failed when relapse or mesh erosion occurred and when the patient is not satisfied or there was relapse. The sample is described, analyzing the relationship of the variables studied by univariate analysis (Chi square and Mann-Whitney U test) and a study was made of which variables may have predictive value in the failure of the repair (multiple logistic regression). RESULTS: Surgery failed in 17 patients during the follow-up at one year. BMI (29.6±2.03 vs 27.1±3.32), delivery number (3.4±0.71 vs. 2.8±1.88), menopause, frequency- urgency symptoms and number of vaginal compartments repaired were associated with treatment failure although only BMI, delivery number and frequency-urgency symptoms were defined as independent predictive variables when the logistic regression was carried out. CONCLUSIONS: Overweightness-obesity, previous delivery number and frequency-urgency symptoms before surgery are factors associated to anatomical and functional failure after POP repair.

Evaluación de la autoestima en varones con disfunción eréctil tratados con sildenafilo. Análisis de un grupo de pacientes españoles procedentes de un estudio multicéntrico internacional / Evaluation of self-esteem in males with erectile dysfunction treated with viagra. Analysis of a Spanish patients group selected from a multicenter, international study

Introducción y objetivos: La disfunción eréctil (DE) provoca alteraciones psicológicas, principalmente ansiedad y pérdida de la autoestima. Intentamos conocer los cambios emocionales, basados en la autoestima y las relaciones, en un grupo de varones españoles con DE tras el tratamiento con sildenafilo, utilizando para ello el cuestionario SEAR (Self-Esteem And Resationship). Material y método: De un estudio internacional multicéntrico, randomizado, grupos paralelos, doble ciego y controlado por placebo de sildenafilo diseñado para evaluar la autoestima y relaciones en varones con DE, seleccionamos los pacientes reclutados en España. Se compararon los cambios en los diferentes dominios del cuestionario SEAR (autoestima, actividad sexual, autoconfianza y relaciones generales) que se administró antes y después del tratamiento, así como los diferentes dominios del IIEF. También se calculó la correlación entre el cambio en el dominio autoestima del cuestionario SEAR y el dominio función eréctil del IIEF. El estudio estadístico se basó en un análisis de la covarianza del cambio en las puntuaciones y en un estudio de correlación. Resultados: El grupo español de investigadores incluyó 119 pacientes. La puntuación del dominio función eréctil mostró una mejoría significativamente mayor para el grupo de sildenafilo. La diferencia de cambio en la media de la puntuación total del SEAR tras el tratamiento fue de 16,9 (IC 95%: 8,9; 24,8) a favor de sildenafilo respecto al placebo (p=0,0001), con una mejoría en la puntuación significativamente superior en todos los dominios del SEAR a favor de sildenafilo. Se observó una correlación significativa entre los cambios en el dominio de autoestima del SEAR y el dominio función eréctil del IIEF para ambos grupos de tratamiento. Conclusiones: Se confirma una mejoría emocional en los pacientes tratados con sildenafilo en base a la mejora en la autoestima, autoconfianza y las relaciones. Variaciones en el dominio función eréctil del IIEF muestran correlación con las del dominio autoestima del SEAR (AU)

Introduction and objectives: Erectile dysfunction (ED) leads to psychological disturbances, especially anxiety and loss of self-esteem. We try to understand the emotional changes, based on self-esteem and relationships in a group of Spanish men with ED after sildenafil treatment, with the use of the SEAR questionnaire (Self-Esteem And Relationship). Materials and methods: The patients recruited in Spain, where selected from an international, multicenter, randomized, parallel-group, double-blind, placebo-controlled, sildenafil study designed to assess self-esteem and relationships in men with ED. We compared the changes in the different domains of the SEAR questionnaire (Self-steem, sexual activity, self-confidence and general relationships) that was administered before and after treatment; the different domains of the IIEF was evaluated aswell. We also calculated the correlation between changes in self-esteem domain of the SEAR questionnaire. The statistical study was based on an analysis of covariance of change in scores and a correlation analysis. Results: The Spanish group of researchers included 119 patients. The erectile function domain score showed significantly greater improvement for the group of sildenafil. The difference in change in total mean score of the SEAR after treatment was 16.9 (95% CI 8.9, 24.8) for sildenafil over placebo (p=0.0001), with a significantly higher score improvement in all the domains of the SEAR for Sildenafil. There was a significant correlation between the changes in the domain of self-esteem of the SEAR and the IIEF erectile function domain for both treatment groups. Conclusions: Emotional improvement was confirmed in patients treated with sildenafil based on improved self-esteem, self-confidence and relationships. Changes in the IIEF erectile function domain correlate with the SEAR self-esteem domain (AU)

[Evaluation of self-esteem in males with erectile dysfunction treated with viagra. Analysis of a Spanish patients group selected from a multicenter, international study]. / Evaluación de la autoestima en varones con disfunción eréctil tratados con sildenafilo. Análisis de un grupo de pacientes españoles procedentes de un estudio multicéntrico internacional.

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES: Erectile dysfunction (ED) leads to psychological disturbances, especially anxiety and loss of self-esteem. We try to understand the emotional changes, based on self-esteem and relationships in a group of Spanish men with ED after sildenafil treatment, with the use of the the SEAR questionnaire (Self-Esteem And Relationship). MATERIALS AND METHODS: The patients recruited in Spain, where selected from an international, multicenter, randomized, parallel-group, double-blind, placebo-controlled, sildenafil study designed to assess self-esteem and relationships in men with ED. We compared the changes in the different domains of the SEAR questionnaire (Self-steem, sexual activity, self-confidence and general relationships) that was administered before and after treatment; the different domains of the IIEF was evaluated as well. We also calculated the correlation between changes in self-esteem domain of the SEAR questionnaire. The statistical study was based on an analysis of covariance of change in scores and a correlation analysis. RESULTS: The Spanish group of researchers included 119 patients. The erectile function domain score showed significantly greater improvement for the group of sildenafil. The difference in change in total mean score of the SEAR after treatment was 16.9 (95% CI 8.9, 24.8) for sildenafil over placebo (p=0.0001), with a significantly higher score improvement in all the domains of the SEAR for Sildenafil. There was a significant correlation between the changes in the domain of self-esteem of the SEAR and the IIEF erectile function domain for both treatment groups. CONCLUSIONS: Emotional improvement was confirmed in patients treated with sildenafil based on improved self-esteem, self-confidence and relationships. Changes in the IIEF erectile function domain correlate with the SEAR self-esteem domain.

[Radical cystectomy as a muscle-invasive bladder cancer treatment in elderly patients]. / Cistectomía radical como tratamiento del cáncer vesical infiltrante en el paciente de edad avanzada.

INTRODUCTION: Radical cystectomy in elderly is a controversial issue that increases importance overtime because average life span is growing. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of our work was to analize the differences about perioperative and later outcomes between ages of patients with muscle-invasive bladder neoplasm treated with radical cystectomy. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed the records of patients who underwent radical cystectomy for muscle-invasive bladder cancer. Two age groups were compared: < 70-years-old at time of cystectomy (n = 55) and > or = 70 years (n = 57). RESULTS: There was no difference between both age groups about: time of surgery, intraoperative complications (< 70 = 21,8%, > or = 70 = 31,6%), postoperative mortality (< 70 = 3,6%, > or = 70 = 8,8%), minor (< 70 = 18,2%, > or = 70 = 26,3%) and major medical postoperative complications (< 70 = 7,3%, > or = 70 = 8,8%), late outcomes as cancer-specific morby-mortality and actuarial overall survival stratified by patient age. The rate of major postoperative complications (< 70 = 23,6%, > or = 70 = 43,9%) as well as the mean length of hospital stay (< 70 = 10,2, > or = 70 = 15,2 days) differed significantly between the two age groups. Age and cardiovascular risk factors were independient predictive factors of mayor postoperative complications. CONCLUSIONS: Radical cystectomy could be performed in carefully selected elderly patients.